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|
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C BENCHMARK DC-30
C Modeling of circuit-breaker restrike using a valve that is under TACS
C control. The basic electric network model apparently comes from one Carl
C Solver of CIGRE WG 13.02, as pointed out by John D. Sakellariou of the
C Public Power Corporation in Athens, Greece. I (W. Scott Meyer) inserted
C valve and TACS modeling during September of 1977. The user should extend
C TMAX to 1.5 milliseconds in order to see more (including a 3rd restrike).
C This 1st of 8 subcases uses TACS. See the 3rd of 8 for the use of MODELS.
C The 7th of 8 produces the same answer faster using secret relay modeling.
1.0E-6 3.0E-3
1 1 1 1 1 -1
5 5 20 20 100 100
TACS HYBRID
1DUMMY +UNITY
1.0
1.0 0.5E-3
90BUS2
90BUS3
99VSW = BUS2 - BUS3
99DRIVE = ABS(VSW)
99BREAK = 1.5E+8 * TIMEX + 1.0E+5
C 99DRIVE = ABS(VSW) + 0.0
C 98DRIVE = 0.4 * ( ABS(VSW) + 1.E-6 ) ** 3.0 * 2.0
C 99BREAK = 150000000.0 * TIMEX + 100000.0
98GRID 51+UNITY BREAK DRIVE
33DUMMY TIMEX UNITY BUS2 BUS3 VSW DRIVE BREAK GRID
BLANK card ends all TACS data
GEN BUS1 15.
BUS1 2.9
BUS1 BUS2 0.1
BUS2 0.1
BUS3 .017
BUS3 490.
BUS2 BUS2R 24.34
BUS3 BUS3R BUS2 BUS2R
BLANK card terminates electric network branches
BUS2 BUS3 -1. 1.E9 2
C The following card serves to name the switch following it. To see the
C results of this activity, interactively execute the "SWITCH" command of
C SPY, sending "EXTRA" for the alternative table. Another point: note
C the exclamation point, which is needed to hold lower case within A6 name
C (assuming KINSEN = 1 within STARTUP).
NAME: Valve ! { Request "NAME: " of cols. 3-8 precedes A6 valve name in 9-14
11BUS2R BUS3R 20. GRID 13
BLANK card ends all switches
14GEN 66500. 50. -2.0508 -1.
BLANK card terminates electric network sources
C Total network loss P-loss by summing injections = -1.885346136987E-07
C Note: preceding loss figure is meaningless since phasor network is
C lossless. This is floating zero compared with MVA = 1.2E8.
C Output for steady-state phasor switch currents.
C Node-K Node-M I-real I-imag I-magn
C BUS2 BUS3 -1.50498397E+01 -4.20286729E+02 4.20556099E+02
C BUS2R BUS3R Open Open Open
C
C GEN 66457.406175675 66500. -12.86413577453 359.47829718693
C -2379.740406308 -2.0508000 -359.248048233 -92.0508000
C
C Step Time BUS2 BUS2R BUS3R BUS2R BUS3 BUS2
C BUS3 BUS3R BUS3R DUMMY
C
C TACS TACS TACS TACS TACS TACS
C TIMEX UNITY BUS2 BUS3 VSW DRIVE
C *** Phasor I(0) = -1.5049840E+01 Switch "BUS2 " to "BUS3 " closed
C 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 64751.3498 64751.3498 64751.3498 64751.3498
C 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
C *** Open switch "BUS2 " to "BUS3 " after 1.00000000E-06 sec.
C 1 .1E-5 0.0 0.0 64752.0751 64752.0751 64752.0751 64752.0751
C .1E-5 1.0 64752.0751 64752.0751 0.0 0.0
1 { Request for all node voltage outputs
C Valve "BUS2R " to "BUS3R " closing after 3.09000000E-04 sec.
C Valve "BUS2R " to "BUS3R " opening after 3.22000000E-04 sec.
C Valve "BUS2R " to "BUS3R " closing after 4.97000000E-04 sec.
C Valve "BUS2R " to "BUS3R " opening after 5.09000000E-04 sec.
C Last step: 3000 .003 122346.542 122346.542 -88693.149 33653.3927 -88693.149
C Last step: .003 1.0 33653.3927 -88693.149 122346.542 122346.542 550000. 0.0
C Variable max:177392.698 177392.698 102764.956 84422.9848 102764.956 84422.9848
C .003 1.0 84422.9848 102764.956 177392.698 177392.698
C Times of max: .497E-3 .497E-3 .83E-4 .478E-3 .83E-4 .478E-3
C .003 0.0 .478E-3 .83E-4 .497E-3 .497E-3
C Variable min:-54570.793 -54570.793 -93851.678 13809.9875 -93851.678 33212.9087
C 0.0 1.0 0.0 -93851.678 -54570.793 0.0
C Times of min: .002745 .002745 .497E-3 .31E-3 .497E-3 .002982
C 0.0 0.0 0.0 .497E-3 .002745 0.0
PRINTER PLOT
184 .1 0.0 1.0 BUS2 BUS3 { Axis limits: (-0.386, 1.774)
BLANK card ending plot cards
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C 2nd of 8 subcases illustrates the modeling of a transistor using TACS.
C This is as described by its inventor, Naoto Nagaoka, in his paper entitled
C "Large-signal transistor modeling using the ATP version of EMTP," which
C appeared in the September, 1988, issue of EMTP News. See Sect. IV example
.000010 .003 { Note larger time step (10 times that of paper's graphs)
1 1 1 1 1 -1
5 5 20 20 50 50
TACS HYBRID
91BASEX { Transistor base current is passed from electric network to TACS
90COLL { Transistor collector voltage is passed from electric network to TACS
90EMIT { Transistor emitter voltage is passed from electric network to TACS
88VCE = COLL - EMIT
88NZERO = 1.E-12
88BASEC263 NZERO BASEX 1.0
88COLLCU = BASEC2 * 200. -0.25E-3 + VCE * ( BASEC2**0.947 ) / 1.352
88EQUIV1 = VCE / COLLCU
88TEMPR = 100.
98EQUIVR63 TEMPR EQUIV1 1.0
33EQUIVR
77EQUIVR 2775. { Initial condition matches R during phasor solution
BLANK card ending all TACS data cards
91COLL EMIT TACS EQUIVR 3
NONLIN NAME:Type92 ! { Even tho name could go on next card, use this instead
92BASE EMIT 4444.
-1.0E-3 -10.E3
0.0 0.0
0.1E-6 0.584
1.0E-6 0.613
3.0E-6 0.647
5.0E-6 0.664
10.0E-6 0.682
20.0E-6 0.706
30.0E-6 0.711
9999
VCC COLL 3900. 1
COLL OUT 3.0000
OUT 2200.
EMIT 820.00
EMIT 10.000
VCC BASEX 55000.
BASEX 12000.
SINE BASEX 3.0
SINE 2000.
COLL EMIT NAME PHASOR 2780. { R(0) = 2780 ohms is present for t < 0 only
BLANK card terminates all branch cards
BASEX BASE MEASURING 1
BLANK card terminates all switch cards
14VCC 12.0 .01 { dc power supply (collector) } -1.
14SINE 40.E-3 1000. -90. { Amplifier input is 1 KHz sine wave
BLANK card terminates source cards of electric network
C Total network loss P-loss by summing injections = 1.067463086805E-02
C Node-K Node-M I-real I-imag I-magn
C BASEX BASE 0.00000000E+00 1.05879118E-22 1.05879118E-22
C Gen: VCC 12. 12. .00177910514467 .0017791052761 .01067463086805
C Gen: 0.0 0.0 .68384076675E-6 0.0220230 -.4103044601E-5
OUT COLL EMIT BASEX SINE
C Step Time COLL OUT COLL EMIT BASEX SINE
C EMIT
C *** Phasor I(0) = 0.0000000E+00 Switch "BASEX " to "BASE " closed
C 0 0.0 4.4479989 .197916E-5 5.75999803 1.31199913 2.14924482 .180994E-5
C 1 .1E-4 4.44521153 -.00263941 5.75735464 1.31214311 2.15127714 .002511621
C 2 .2E-4 .444370671 -3.9987412 1.75822147 1.3138508 2.15282414 .005013329
C 3 .3E-4 .443906636 -3.9900316 1.76087902 1.31697238 2.15435666 .007495253
BLANK ending output specification cards
C 300 .003 2.38611281 -1.6984961 3.8051742 1.41906139 2.11753544 .16073E-14
C maxima : 5.90958724 1.87782143 7.34957934 1.47345869 2.17056873 .04
C Times max : .00168 .00266 .00167 .00135 .2E-3 .25E-3
C minima : .426098973 -3.9987412 1.75822147 1.31199913 2.07778426 -.04
C Times min : .44E-3 .2E-4 .2E-4 0.0 .00275 .75E-3
PRINTER PLOT
194 .3 0.0 3.0 TACS EQUIVR { Axis limits: (0.000, 1.731)
BLANK card ending plot cards
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C 3rd of 8 subcases is the same as the first except that it uses newer and
C slower MODELS rather than older and faster TACS.
1.0E-6 3.0E-3
1 1 1 1 1 -1
5 5 20 20 100 100
MODELS
INPUT bus2 {v(BUS2)}, bus3 {v(BUS3)}
OUTPUT grid
MODEL dc30
INPUT v2, v3
VAR grid
OUTPUT grid
EXEC
IF abs(v2-v3)>=1.5e8*t +1e5 THEN grid:=1 ELSE grid:=0 ENDIF
ENDEXEC
ENDMODEL
USE dc30 AS dc30
INPUT v2:=bus2, v3:=bus3
OUTPUT grid:=grid
ENDUSE
RECORD
dc30.v2 AS bus2
dc30.v3 AS bus3
dc30.grid AS grid
ENDMODELS
GEN BUS1 15.
BUS1 2.9
BUS1 BUS2 0.1
BUS2 0.1
BUS3 .017
BUS3 490.
BUS2 BUS2R 24.34
BUS3 BUS3R BUS2 BUS2R
BLANK card terminates electric network branches
BUS2 BUS3 -1. 1.E9 2
11BUS2R BUS3R 20. GRID 13
BLANK card ends all switches
14GEN 66500. 50. -2.0508 -1.
C --------------+------------------------------
C From bus name | Names of all adjacent busses
C --------------+------------------------------
C GEN |BUS1 *
C BUS1 |TERRA *GEN *BUS2 *
C BUS2 |TERRA *BUS1 *BUS3 *BUS2R *
C BUS3 |TERRA *TERRA *BUS2 *BUS3R *
C BUS2R |BUS2 *BUS3R *
C BUS3R |BUS3 *BUS2R *
C TERRA |BUS1 *BUS2 *BUS3 *BUS3 *
C --------------+------------------------------
BLANK card terminates electric network sources
C Total network loss P-loss by summing injections = 9.738141670823E-08
C Output for steady-state phasor switch currents.
C Node-K Node-M I-real I-imag I-magn
C BUS2 BUS3 -1.50498397E+01 -4.20286729E+02 4.20556099E+02
C BUS2R BUS3R Open Open Open
C Gen ends: -12.86413577452 359.47829718648 -.3492459655E-9 .119526533815E8
C Gen ends: -359.2480482325 -92.0508000 .119526533815E8 0.0000000
C
C Step Time BUS2 BUS2R BUS3R BUS2R BUS3 BUS2
C BUS3 BUS3R
C
C TACS TACS
C BUS3 GRID
C *** Phasor I(0) = -1.5049840E+01 Switch "BUS2 " to "BUS3 " closed
C 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 64751.3498 64751.3498 64751.3498 64751.3498
C 64751.3498 0.0
C *** Open switch "BUS2 " to "BUS3 " after 1.00000000E-06 sec.
C 1 .1E-5 0.0 0.0 64752.0751 64752.0751 64752.0751 64752.0751
C 64752.0751 0.0
1
C 3000 .003 122346.542 122346.542 -88693.149 33653.3927 -88693.149 33653.3927
C -88693.149 0.0
C Variabl max: 177392.698 177392.698 102764.956 84422.9848 102764.956 84422.9848
C 102764.956 1.0
C Times of max: .497E-3 .497E-3 .83E-4 .478E-3 .83E-4 .478E-3
C .83E-4 .309E-3
C Variabl min: -54570.793 -54570.793 -93851.678 13809.9875 -93851.678 33212.9087
C -93851.678 0.0
C Times of min: .002745 .002745 .497E-3 .31E-3 .497E-3 .002982
C .497E-3 0.0
PRINTER PLOT
184 .1 0.0 1.0 BUS2 BUS3 { Axis limits: (-0.386, 1.774)
BLANK card ending plot cards
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C 4th of 8 subcases is the same as the first and the third, except that
C it uses both TACS and MODELS. The voltages BUS2 and BUS3 are input to TACS.
C VSW is output from TACS and input to MODELS. GRID is output from MODELS.
C Compare values at t=0 with 3rd subcase. Ending time TMAX should be
C extended to 3 msec if all 3000 steps are desired. Here, to save time
C (because MODELS simulates very slowly), only 600 steps will be simulated.
C 18 January 2003, add both the new Type-27 TACS source and the following
C optional request for timing. Note that the 6th subcase has the source,
C but not the declaration. As a result, dT-size differences will exist
C for the signals that are passed between TACS and MODELS.
MODELS BEFORE TACS { Reverse the default order of computation at each time step
1.0E-6 0.6E-3
1 1 0 0 1 -1
5 5 20 20 100 100
TACS HYBRID
1DUMMY +UNITY
1.0
1.0 0.5E-3
90BUS2
90BUS3
99VSW = BUS2 - BUS3
27DV { MODELS variable DV will define Type-27 TACS source of the same name
33BUS2 BUS3 VSW DV
BLANK card ends all TACS data
MODELS
INPUT deltav {TACS(vsw)}
OUTPUT grid
MODEL dc30
INPUT dv
VAR grid
OUTPUT grid
EXEC
IF abs(dv)>=1.5e8*t +1e5 THEN grid:=1 ELSE grid:=0 ENDIF
ENDEXEC
ENDMODEL
USE dc30 AS dc30
INPUT dv:=deltav
OUTPUT grid:=grid
ENDUSE
RECORD
dc30.dv AS dv
ENDMODELS
GEN BUS1 15.
BUS1 2.9
BUS1 BUS2 0.1
BUS2 0.1
BUS3 .017
BUS3 490.
BUS2 BUS2R 24.34
BUS3 BUS3R BUS2 BUS2R
BLANK card terminates electric network branches
BUS2 BUS3 -1. 1.E9
C The following card serves to name the switch following it. To see the
C results of this activity, interactively execute the "SWITCH" command of
C SPY, sending "EXTRA" for the alternative table. Another point: note
C the exclamation point, which is needed to hold lower case within A6 name
C (assuming KINSEN = 1 within STARTUP).
NAME: Valve ! { Request "NAME: " of cols. 3-8 precedes A6 valve name in 9-14
11BUS2R BUS3R 20. GRID 12
BLANK card ends all switches
14GEN 66500. 50. -2.0508 -1.
BLANK card terminates electric network sources
C First 1 output variables are electric-network voltage differences (upper voltage minus lower voltage);
C Next 4 output variables belong to TACS (with "TACS" an internally-added upper name of pair).
C Next 1 output variables belong to MODELS (with "MODELS" an internally-added upper name of pair).
C Step Time BUS2R TACS TACS TACS TACS MODELS
C BUS3R BUS2 BUS3 VSW DV DV
C *** Phasor I(0) = -1.5049840E+01 Switch "BUS2 " to "BUS3 " closed in the steady-state.
C 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
C *** Open switch "BUS2 " to "BUS3 " after 1.00000000E-06 sec.
C 1 .1E-5 0.0 64752.0751 64752.0751 0.0 0.0 0.0
C 2 .2E-5 -506.98951 64680.6667 65187.6562 -506.98951 0.0 0.0
C 3 .3E-5 -1509.364 64544.7937 66054.1577 -1509.364 -506.98951 -506.98951
C 4 .4E-5 -2482.2238 64430.506 66912.7297 -2482.2238 -1509.364 -1509.364
BLANK card ending node voltage request
C 300 .3E-3 139427.112 64952.7749 -74474.337 139427.112 138735.778 138735.778
C Valve "BUS2R " to "BUS3R " closing after 3.10000000E-04 sec.
C Valve "BUS2R " to "BUS3R " opening after 3.23000000E-04 sec.
C 400 .4E-3 80675.1617 83379.4041 2704.24245 80675.1617 77287.9568 77287.9568
C Valve "BUS2R " to "BUS3R " closing after 4.99000000E-04 sec.
C 500 .5E-3 0.0 73856.3228 -30892.73 104749.053 178498.741 178498.741
C Valve "BUS2R " to "BUS3R " opening after 5.03000000E-04 sec.
C 600 .6E-3 77132.9224 58368.5333 -18764.389 77132.9224 77569.8407 77569.8407
C Variable maxima : 178498.741 84889.8318 102764.956 178498.741 178498.741 178498.741
C Times of maxima : .499E-3 .499E-3 .83E-4 .499E-3 .5E-3 .5E-3
C Variable minima : -38620.899 0.0 -93608.909 -38620.899 -38620.899 -38620.899
C Times of minima : .85E-4 0.0 .499E-3 .85E-4 .86E-4 .86E-4
BLANK card ending plot cards
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C 5th of 8 subcases is the same as the 1st (using TACS only) except that
C it uses the pocket calculator in place of Dube's logic for supplemental
C variables. Answers should be identical except for roundoff error. Since
C the same as 1st subcase, connectivity and phasor outputs will be omitted
C as well as plotting.
C TACS ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE { Temporary request for use of pocket calculator
TACS POCKET CALCULATOR { 12 January 2001, this new line replaces preceding
1.0E-6 .000600
1 1 0 0 0 -1
5 5 20 20 100 100
TACS HYBRID
1DUMMY +UNITY
1.0
1.0 0.5E-3
90BUS2
90BUS3
99VSW = BUS2 - BUS3
99DRIVE = ABS(VSW)
99BREAK = 1.5E+8 * TIMEX + 1.0E+5
98GRID 51+UNITY BREAK DRIVE
33DUMMY TIMEX UNITY BUS2 BUS3 VSW DRIVE BREAK GRID
BLANK card ends all TACS data
GEN BUS1 15.
BUS1 2.9
BUS1 BUS2 0.1
BUS2 0.1
BUS3 .017
BUS3 490.
BUS2 BUS2R 24.34
BUS3 BUS3R BUS2 BUS2R
BLANK card terminates electric network branches
BUS2 BUS3 -1. 1.E9 2
NAME: Valve ! { Request "NAME: " of cols. 3-8 precedes A6 valve name in 9-14
11BUS2R BUS3R 20. GRID 13
BLANK card ends all switches
14GEN 66500. 50. -2.0508 -1.
BLANK card terminates electric network sources
1 { Request for all node voltage outputs
BLANK card ending plot cards
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C 6th of 8 subcases is the same as the 4th, except that it demonstrates
C the sorting of TACS and MODELS data using /TACS and /MODELS requests.
C Created 3 July 1998, this should be mentioned in the July newsletter
C (see "Furnas" or "DC-30").
C 18 January 2003, add both the new Type-27 TACS source. Note that the
C 4th subcase is modified similarly. In addition, MODELS BEFORE TACS was
C added to the 4th subcase, but not here. As a result, dT-size differences
C will exist for the signals that are passed between TACS and MODELS.
1.E-6 5.E-6 { Only take 5 steps; these are plenty for illustration
1 -1
TACS HYBRID { Request to begin TACS data appears just once
/MODELS
MODELS { Request to begin MODELS data appears just once
C End of fixed data. Begin variable /-cards, which can appear in any
C order. To illustrate that TACS data really will be sorted to precede
C MODELS data, note that /TACS follows /MODELS in the following.
C I.e., we rely on /-card sorting to correct this. TACS data is
C separate and distinct from MODELS data just as branch data is
C separate and distinct from switch or source data.
/MODELS
INPUT deltav {TACS(vsw)}
OUTPUT grid
MODEL dc30
INPUT dv
VAR grid
OUTPUT grid
EXEC
IF abs(dv)>=1.5e8*t +1e5 THEN grid:=1 ELSE grid:=0 ENDIF
ENDEXEC
ENDMODEL
USE dc30 AS dc30
INPUT dv:=deltav
OUTPUT grid:=grid
ENDUSE
RECORD
dc30.dv AS dv
/TACS
1DUMMY +UNITY
1.0
1.0 0.5E-3
90BUS2
90BUS3
99VSW = BUS2 - BUS3
27DV { MODELS variable DV will define Type-27 TACS source of the same name
33BUS2 BUS3 VSW DV
/BRANCH
GEN BUS1 15.
BUS1 2.9
BUS1 BUS2 0.1
BUS2 0.1
BUS3 .017
BUS3 490.
BUS2 BUS2R 24.34
BUS3 BUS3R BUS2 BUS2R
/SWITCH
BUS2 BUS3 -1. 1.E9
NAME: Valve ! { Request "NAME: " of cols. 3-8 precedes A6 valve name in 9-14
11BUS2R BUS3R 20. GRID 12
/SOURCE
14GEN 66500. 50. -2.0508 -1.
/OUTPUT
C Step Time BUS2R TACS TACS TACS TACS MODELS
C BUS3R BUS2 BUS3 VSW DV DV
C *** Phasor I(0) = -1.5049840E+01 Switch "BUS2 " to "BUS3 " closed in the steady-state.
C 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
C *** Open switch "BUS2 " to "BUS3 " after 1.00000000E-06 sec.
C 1 .1E-5 0.0 64752.0751 64752.0751 0.0 0.0 0.0
C 2 .2E-5 -506.98951 64680.6667 65187.6562 -506.98951 0.0 -506.98951
C 3 .3E-5 -1509.364 64544.7937 66054.1577 -1509.364 -506.98951 -1509.364
C 4 .4E-5 -2482.2238 64430.506 66912.7297 -2482.2238 -1509.364 -2482.2238
C 5 .5E-5 -3414.3602 64348.9091 67763.2693 -3414.3602 -2482.2238 -3414.3602
C End of /-card data. The only thing that remains are the various blank
C cards that terminate the various data classes. Note the one for MODELS
C (optional for MODELS, but necessary for sorting):
BLANK card terminates all TACS data
BLANK card ends all MODELS data
ENDMODELS
BLANK card ending all BRANCH cards
BLANK card ending all SWITCH cards
BLANK terminates the last SOURCE card
BLANK card ends OUTPUT variable requests
BLANK card ending all batch-mode PLOT cards
C Comment about 6 lines above. Note ENDMODELS has like the initiation
C word MODELS: there is only one of them, and has nothing to do with
C the actual modeling. It is part of the structure in which actual data
C is carried. Normally, ENDMODELS would precede the blank card ending
C MODELS, but with sorting that is not possible. /-card sorting will
C put the actual data there. If we raise ENDMODELS line by one row,
C it would precede all real MODELS data, and that would be completely
C wrong. So, we put it after the blank. Recall MODELS ignores blank
C lines, so the blank card ending MODELS is ignored. It is essential
C to the sorting, but then is ignored by MODELS itself. Since it was
C optional, anyway, this works well.
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C 7th of 8 subcases is the same as the 1st (using TACS only) except that
C it uses secret relay modeling in place of Dube's logic for supplemental
C variables. Answers should be identical except for possible roundoff error
C and the more serious logic difference between a valve and a switch. Every
C time step between 320 and 520 is printed to show time steps 322 and 509
C at which the output current differs. The 1st of these enters minima, to
C make one line different. These are merely isolated output differences
C between an ATP switch and an ATP valve; in fact, internal solution signals
C are identical. Except for the lines mentioned, dT-loop output is identical.
C Let's document the first difference. Relay modeling produces this:
C *** Open switch "BUS2R " to "BUS3R " after 3.22000000E-04 sec.
C 322 .322E-3 -12.461019 ... 66357.9825 0.0
C whereas the original TACS modeling produces the following output:
C Valve "BUS2R " to "BUS3R " opening after 3.22000000E-04 sec.
C 322 .322E-3 -12.461019 ... 66357.9825 -.25597819
C The relay modeling, using a switch, shows output that has been forced to
C zero whereas the valve modeling shows the illegal reverse current (less
C than the 20-amp I-epsilon threshold) that prompted the opening. This value
C -.25597819 is the only way that extrema differ (relay modeling has zero).
C About simulation speed, this relay modeling should be the fastest by far.
C Use of MODELS is shockingly slow, TACS is what it is, and the new relay
C modeling should be faster than compiled TACS, so perhaps 10 times faster
C than conventional (not compiled) TACS. Begin with the CSRM request. This
C precedes the list of relay connections. IRELAY is to be a positive integer
C if not blank or zero. This is the sampling multiple (here, unity):
C 345678901234567890123456789012<-IRELAY { Ruler for sampling multiple in 33-40.
CONNECT SECRET RELAY MODELS 1 { This is optional (a blank or 0 ==> 1)
C The A10 relay name "DC-30H " in the middle of 3 data lines below serves
C only to select logic for the 8th subcase rather than the 7th. This is not
C at all realistic. For real use, the name typically would select different
C relay logic from a catalog of available relay types offered by some vendor.
C Input 2A6 names Name of 2A6 names of
C class of variable relay ATP switch
C A15 >< A6 >< A6 > < A10 >< A6 >< A6 > { Ruler for data. A15, 2A6, A10, ...
Branch voltage BUS2 BUS3 DC-30g BUS2R BUS3R { Use relay named DC-30g, 1 input V, ...
END RELAY CONNECTIONS { End indeterminate list of connections to secret relays
1.0E-6 3.0E-3
1 1 1 1 1 -1
5 5 20 20 100 100 320 1 520 20
GEN BUS1 15.
BUS1 2.9
BUS1 BUS2 0.1
BUS2 0.1
BUS3 .017
BUS3 490.
BUS2 BUS2R 24.34
BUS3 BUS3R BUS2 BUS2R
BLANK card terminates electric network branches
BUS2 BUS3 -1. 1.E9 2
C Preceding 1st of 2 switches is unchanged. The 2nd is modified as follows:
C 11BUS2R BUS3R 20. { Valve of DC-30 } GRID 13
C Switch data: T-close T-open I-epsiln --- ruler for a Type-0 switch
BUS2R BUS3R 999. 0.0 20. 3
C The type code has changed from 11 to 0. The same 20 amps of current margin
C is used, although columns differ (valve vs. time-controlled switch). Note
C T-close = 999. in columns 15-24 simply is a large time that never will be
C reached. Were it not for the relay logic, this switch would remain open
C for the entire simulation. T-open is not used (will be set internally),
C so can be left blank or zero. The current margin does make a difference;
C if erased or set to zero, opening would be delayed by several time steps.
BLANK card ends all switches
14GEN 66500. 50. -2.0508 -1.
BLANK card terminates electric network sources
1 { Request for all node voltage outputs
PRINTER PLOT
184 .1 0.0 1.0 BUS2 BUS3 { Axis limits: (-0.386, 1.774)
BLANK card ending plot cards
$DISABLE
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C BENCHMARK DC-30, chopped. TACS outputs (the "33" card) have been
C eliminated for easy comparison using Mike Albert's freeware FC. It
C is informative to compare output of this with output of 7th subcase.
1.0E-6 3.0E-3
1 1 1 1 1 -1
5 5 20 20 100 100 320 1 520 20
TACS HYBRID
1DUMMY +UNITY
1.0
1.0 0.5E-3
90BUS2
90BUS3
99VSW = BUS2 - BUS3
99DRIVE = ABS(VSW)
99BREAK = 1.5E+8 * TIMEX + 1.0E+5
98GRID 51+UNITY BREAK DRIVE
C 33DUMMY TIMEX UNITY BUS2 BUS3 VSW DRIVE BREAK GRID
BLANK card ends all TACS data
GEN BUS1 15.
BUS1 2.9
BUS1 BUS2 0.1
BUS2 0.1
BUS3 .017
BUS3 490.
BUS2 BUS2R 24.34
BUS3 BUS3R BUS2 BUS2R
BLANK card terminates electric network branches
BUS2 BUS3 -1. 1.E9 2
NAME: Valve ! { Request "NAME: " of cols. 3-8 precedes A6 valve name in 9-14
11BUS2R BUS3R 20. GRID 13
BLANK card ends all switches
14GEN 66500. 50. -2.0508 -1.
BLANK card terminates electric network sources
1 { Request for all node voltage outputs
PRINTER PLOT
184 .1 0.0 1.0 BUS2 BUS3 { Axis limits: (-0.386, 1.774)
BLANK card ending plot cards
$ENABLE
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C 8th of 8 subcases continues with external relay modeling. Unlike the
C preceding subcase, this has multiple relays with multiple inputs and
C multiple outputs (i.e., a relay controls more than 1 circuit breaker).
C 20 steps of 1 msec are taken to traverse one 50-Hz cycle.
PRINTED NUMBER WIDTH, 9, 2, { Request maximum precision (for 12 output columns)
CONNECT SECRET RELAY MODELS { Request that precedes list of relay connections
C The A10 relay name "DC-30H " in the middle of 3 data lines below serves
C only to select logic for the 8th subcase rather than the 7th. This is not
C at all realistic. For real use, the name typically would select different
C relay logic from a catalog of available relay types offered by some vendor.
C Input 2A6 names Name of 2A6 names of
C class of variable relay ATP switch
C A15 >< A6 >< A6 > < A10 >< A6 >< A6 > { Ruler for data. A15, 2A6, A10, ...
DIAGNOSTIC 9 { Debug print just for relays is located as if overlay 1
Branch voltage REC DC-30H SEND REC { Relay 1, input is node voltage REC
GEN EXTRA { 2nd output for preceding relay # 1
Switch current GEN SWIT DC-30H NAME: BREAK2 { Relay 2, input current GEN to SWIT
C Preceding "NAME: BREAK2" could just as well be replaced by "SWIT SEND "
Branch voltage GEN SEND { 2nd input for preceding relay is voltage
Branch voltage REC DC-30H EXTRA PLUS { Relay 3, input is node voltage REC
Switch status SEND SWIT { 2nd input for preceding is switch status
Output signal SEND REC { 3rd input for preceding is output vector
R-L-C current PLUS { 4th input ... is current of series R-L-C
Switch power GEN SWIT DC-30H GEN SWIT { Relay 4, input is power GEN to SWIT
R-L-C power PLUS { 2nd input for preceding is R-L-C power
C 3456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901
C TACS signal --- 1st of 2 relay input request words that is not illustrated
C MODELS signal --- 2nd of 2 relay input request words that is not illustrated
END RELAY CONNECTIONS { End indeterminate list of connections to secret relays
C The preceding addresses relay connections that are under user control. In
C addition, there might be hidden connections that are built into a relay.
C This is illustrated for Relay 3, which has two such special outputs. 1st,
C in the .LIS file, there will be seen two lines that confirm any change
C of switch status of that 2nd input to Relay 3. Look for 2 such messages:
C After step 5: Notice from model of relay 3: switch has just opened.
C After step 19: Notice from model of relay 3: switch has just closed.
C Also seen in the .LIS file, and also present in any .PL4 file of plot
C points, will be one appended signal. In the dT-loop heading, this is
C identified by the pair of names RELAY3 and SIGNAL. The 1st of these
C names is built by ATP, and indicates an appended signal from relay # 3.
C The 2nd name comes from the code for relay # 3. It is built in code.
C In this case, relay input number 5 simply is passed back as the relay
C signal. About interpretation of CSRM data, the 10-character relay name
C normally will be confirmed within quotation marks. That is if there is
C no appended signal. A relay that has an appended signal will have the
C A10 relay name replaced by (A6) followed by the 6-character variable
C name. For this data, look for "(A6)SIGNAL" where SIGNAL is the
C second of the two names that identify the appended output variable.
C Relay # 4 is particularly degenerate in that it has no associated relay
C logic! Yes, it has an output (a switch), but code will never send a
C signal to that switch. Those 2 inputs (numbers 7 and 8) were defined
C by relay 4, but in fact they are not used by any relay code. Values
C are selectively documented, one time step for each:
C Relay 4 documents relay input # 7 = switch power = 0.26967E+01
C Relay 4 documents relay input # 8 = series R-L-C power = 0.24811E+02
.001 .020 { Take 20 1-msec steps through the 20 msec of a 50-Hz cycle
1 1 1 0 1
GEN SWIT 6.0
SWIT SEND 1.0
SEND REC 2.0 1
REC 1.0
EXTRA PLUS 1.0 { Extra resistance will be shorted at 12 msec
PLUS 1.0 5.0 { Mostly-inductive branch delays zero} 1
BLANK card terminates electric network branches
C Switch data: T-close T-open I-epsiln --- ruler for a Type-0 switch
GEN SWIT -1. 999. 0.0 3
C A6 name BREAK2 applies to the following switch. It is used by relay input:
NAME: BREAK2 { Request "NAME: " of cols. 3-8 precedes A6 switch name in 9-14
SWIT SEND -1. 999. .001 3
SEND REC 999. 0.0 0.0 2
GEN EXTRA 999. 0.0 0.0 3
EXTRA PLUS -1. 999. 0.0 3
C Note about preceding switch (SEND, REC) which has the exceptional output
C request "2" in col. 80, so just switch voltage. Originally, this was a
C "3" for both voltage and current, and the series R-L-C branch having the
C same names (so in parallel) had no output request. I.e., originally it was
C a branch and not a switch current that was displayed. But this was not as
C interesting when passed back from the relay as an appended output. As a
C switch current, it agreed with the original. But as a branch current, one
C will note a one time-step delay. In general, an OUTPUT request might be
C stale by one dT (it depends on the variable). This illustrates the problem.
C This illustrates that for a series R-L-C branch, one time step is lost as
C the output is passed to the relay & back again. Not so for switch current.
C The 2 right-most cols. of dT-loop output make the delay immediately obvious.
C An implied detail of a relay OUTPUT request is this: it is output vector
C current, not voltage, that will be fed to relays. In terms of batch-
C mode plotting, this is Type 9 not 8 (branch voltage) or 4 (node voltage).
C There is no loss of generality since only current is of interest. Voltage
C is available via a VOLTAGE request, so one never would need to go to the
C output vector to find it.
BLANK card ends all switches
14GEN 10.0 50. 0.0 -1.
BLANK card terminates electric network sources
C <<<< Next, show delayed input that is associated with preceding CONNECT SECRET RELAY MODELS declaration.
C Debug printout control as if overlay 1 (col. 22) |DIAGNOSTIC 9 { Debug print just for relays is located as if overlay 1
C Relay 1. "DC-30H " Input # 1 Switch # 3 |Branch voltage REC DC-30H SEND REC { Relay 1, input is node volt
C Continuation. Switch # 4 | GEN EXTRA { 2nd output for preceding re
C Relay 2. "DC-30H " Input # 2 Switch # 2 |Switch current GEN SWIT DC-30H NAME: BREAK2 { Relay 2, input current GEN
C Continuation. Input # 3 |Branch voltage GEN SEND { 2nd input for preceding relay is
C Relay 3. "(A6)SIGNAL" Input # 1 Switch # 5 |Branch voltage REC DC-30H EXTRA PLUS { Relay 3, input is node volt
C Continuation. Input # 4 |Switch status SEND SWIT { 2nd input for preceding is switch
C Continuation. Input # 5 |Output signal SEND REC { 3rd input for preceding is output
C Continuation. Input # 6 |R-L-C current PLUS { 4th input ... is current of serie
C Relay 4. "DC-30H " Input # 7 Switch # 1 |Switch power GEN SWIT DC-30H GEN SWIT { Relay 4, input power GEN to
C Continuation. Input # 8 |R-L-C power PLUS { 2nd input for preceding is R-L-C
C Terminator of external relay connection data. |END RELAY CONNECTIONS { End indeterminate list of connections to secret relays
C <<<< End of insertion that is associated with delayed input of external relay connections. All relay names were recognized.
C Column headings for the 12 EMTP output variables follow. These are divided among the 5 possible classes as follows ....
C First 5 output variables are electric-network voltage differences (upper voltage minus lower voltage);
C Next 6 output variables are branch currents (flowing from the upper node to the lower node);
C Step Time GEN SWIT SEND GEN EXTRA GEN SWIT GEN EXTRA SEND PLUS RELAY3
C SWIT SEND REC EXTRA PLUS SWIT SEND EXTRA PLUS REC TERRA SIGNAL
C *** Phasor I(0) = 3.3333333E+00 Switch "GEN " to "SWIT " closed in the steady-state.
C *** Phasor I(0) = 3.3333333E+00 Switch "SWIT " to "SEND " closed in the steady-state.
C *** Phasor I(0) = 0.0000000E+00 Switch "EXTRA " to "PLUS " closed in the steady-state.
C 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.66667 10. 0.0 3.33333 3.33333 0.0 0.0 3.33333 0.0 0.0
C *** External relay number 2 permits circuit breaker from "SWIT " to "SEND " to open after time T = 1.00000000E-03 sec.
C 1 .1E-2 0.0 0.0 6.34038 9.51057 0.0 3.17019 3.17019 0.0 0.0 3.17019 0.0 3.33333
C Relay 4 documents relay input # 7 = switch power = 0.26967E+01
C 2 .002 0.0 0.0 5.39345 8.09017 0.0 2.69672 2.69672 0.0 0.0 2.69672 0.0 3.17019
C 3 .003 0.0 0.0 3.91857 5.87785 0.0 1.95928 1.95928 0.0 0.0 1.95928 0.0 2.69672
BLANK card ending node voltage outputs
C 4 .004 0.0 0.0 2.06011 3.09017 0.0 1.03006 1.03006 0.0 0.0 1.03006 0.0 1.95928
C *** Open switch "SWIT " to "SEND " after 5.00000000E-03 sec.
C Notice from model of relay 3: switch has just opened.
C 5 .005 0.0 0.0 -.3E-15 -.4E-15 0.0 -.1E-15 0.0 0.0 0.0 -.1E-15 0.0 1.03006
C 6 .006 0.0 -.77254 -1.5451 -3.0902 0.0 -.77254 0.0 0.0 0.0 -.77254 0.0 -.1E-15
C 7 .007 0.0 -1.4695 -2.9389 -5.8779 0.0 -1.4695 0.0 0.0 0.0 -1.4695 0.0 -.77254
C *** External relay number 1 forces circuit breaker from "SEND " to "REC " to close after time T = 8.00000000E-03 sec.
C The same relay forces circuit breaker from "GEN " to "EXTRA " to close at this same time.
C 8 .008 0.0 -2.0225 -4.0451 -8.0902 0.0 -2.0225 0.0 0.0 0.0 -2.0225 0.0 -1.4695
C 9 .009 0.0 -4.7553 0.0 0.0 0.0 -4.7553 0.0 -.8646 -.8646 0.0 -.8646 -2.0225
C Relay 4 documents relay input # 8 = series R-L-C power = 0.24811E+02
C 10 .01 0.0 -5. 0.0 0.0 0.0 -5. 0.0 -2.4811 -2.4811 0.0 -2.4811 0.0
C Notice from model of relay 3 : series R-L-C branch current first exceeds 3 amperes at time 11.0 milliseconds.
C 11 .011 0.0 -4.7553 0.0 0.0 0.0 -4.7553 0.0 -3.8037 -3.8037 0.0 -3.8037 0.0
C 12 .012 0.0 -4.0451 0.0 0.0 0.0 -4.0451 0.0 -4.7122 -4.7122 0.0 -4.7122 0.0
C *** External relay number 3 forces circuit breaker from "EXTRA " to "PLUS " to open after time T = 1.30000000E-02 sec.
C 13 .013 0.0 -2.9389 0.0 0.0 0.0 -2.9389 0.0 -5.1252 -5.1252 0.0 -5.1252 0.0
C 14 .014 0.0 -1.5451 0.0 0.0 -4.5913 -1.5451 0.0 -4.5913 0.0 0.0 -4.5913 0.0
C *** Open switch "SEND " to "REC " after 1.50000000E-02 sec.
C 15 .015 0.0 .1E-13 0.0 0.0 -3.3183 .1E-13 0.0 -3.3183 0.0 0.0 -3.3183 0.0
C 16 .016 0.0 .772542 1.54508 0.0 -1.9547 .772542 0.0 -1.9547 0.0 .772542 -1.9547 0.0
C 17 .017 0.0 1.46946 2.93893 0.0 -.55581 1.46946 0.0 -.55581 0.0 1.46946 -.55581 .772542
C *** Open switch "GEN " to "EXTRA " after 1.80000000E-02 sec.
C 18 .018 0.0 2.02254 4.04508 0.0 .793462 2.02254 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.02254 .793462 1.46946
C *** External relay number 2 forces circuit breaker from "SWIT " to "SEND " to close after time T = 1.90000000E-02 sec.
C 19 .019 0.0 2.37764 4.75528 23.9484 0.0 2.37764 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.37764 -.1E-14 2.02254
C Notice from model of relay 3: switch has just closed.
C 20 .02 0.0 0.0 6.66667 -4.4379 0.0 3.33333 3.33333 0.0 0.0 3.33333 .14E-14 2.37764
C Variable maxima : 0.0 2.37764 6.66667 23.9484 .793462 3.33333 3.33333 0.0 0.0 3.33333 .793462 3.33333
C Times of maxima : 0.0 .019 0.0 .019 .018 .02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .018 .1E-2
C Variable minima : 0.0 -5. -4.0451 -8.0902 -4.5913 -5. 0.0 -5.1252 -5.1252 -2.0225 -5.1252 -2.0225
C Times of minima : 0.0 .01 .008 .008 .014 .01 .005 .013 .013 .008 .013 .009
PRINTER PLOT
C So, what relay logic produced the preceding? Very simple and artificial.
C Logic will be summarized here in words, for completeness:
C Relay 1. It uses 1st of 8 relay inputs, which is a branch voltage. If
C the relay already has closed, input is ignored. If not, a
C voltage less than or equal to -2.0 will close the relay.
C Relay 2. It uses 2nd of 8 relay inputs, which is a switch current. If
C the initially-closed relay waits to open, and if current is
C greater than or equal to 2.1, the relay opens. If relay is
C open, wait until time reaches or exceeds 19 msec to reclose.
C Once reclosed, it stays closed.
C Relay 3. It uses 4th of 8 relay inputs, which is a switch status,
C to issue those messages about opening or closing (2 messages).
C It uses 5th of 8 relay inputs, which is current of the output
C vector, as a variable that ATP will append to its output vector.
C It uses 6th of 8 relay inputs, which is current of series R-L-C,
C to produce output when it first exceeds 3 amperes. About opening,
C (relay 3 begins closed), this is allowed beginning at 12 msec.
C Relay 4. No logic. It switches nothing. It just documents inputs 7 & 8.
BLANK card ending plot cards
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
BLANK
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