diff options
| author | Angelo Rossi <angelo.rossi.homelab@gmail.com> | 2023-06-21 12:04:16 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Angelo Rossi <angelo.rossi.homelab@gmail.com> | 2023-06-21 12:04:16 +0000 |
| commit | b18347ffc9db9641e215995edea1c04c363b2bdf (patch) | |
| tree | f3908dc911399f1a21e17d950355ee56dc0919ee /benchmarks/dc37.dat | |
Initial commit.
Diffstat (limited to 'benchmarks/dc37.dat')
| -rw-r--r-- | benchmarks/dc37.dat | 677 |
1 files changed, 677 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/benchmarks/dc37.dat b/benchmarks/dc37.dat new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef07b2a --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmarks/dc37.dat @@ -0,0 +1,677 @@ +BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
+C BENCHMARK DC-37
+C Trivial test of ZnO modeling. Single phase, single exponential, no gap.
+C For documentation, see the EMTP Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 2, pages 6-9.
+C i = 2500 * ( v / V-ref ) ** 26 where 2500 = COEF and 26 = EXPON.
+C The lack of a gap follows from V-flash being an arbitary negative value.
+C Note 2-column arrester (COL=2.0), and twice COEF = 1250 is 2500 total.
+C The idea of using COL came from Dan Durbak of PTI (Schenectady, New
+C York) at the end of an unrelated telephone call to BPA on July 3, 1986.
+C Finally, a 2nd ZnO arrester is applied right across the voltage source.
+C Of a total of 12 subcases, several illustrate power and energy output.
+PRINTED NUMBER WIDTH, 13, 2, { Request maximum precision (for 8 output columns)
+C MAXZNO EPSZNO EPWARN EPSTOP ZNOLIM1 ZNOLIM2
+ZINC OXIDE 20 1.D-8 1.D-3 0.1 0.6 1.5 default values
+C ZO, , , , .9, , { To improve ZnO convergence, restrict the Newton ZnO correction
+ .000050 .020
+ 1 1 1 0 1 -1 0
+ 2 10 33 1 40 10 100 50
+-1SEND REC .306 5.82 .012 200.
+92REC { Type 92 is for v-i curve } 5555. { 5555 flag is for exponentials } 1
+C VREF VFLASH VZERO COL
+ 778000. -1.0 0.0 2.0
+C COEF EXPON VMIN
+ 1250. 26. 0.5
+ 9999. { Bound on exponential segments (only one precedes)
+C The following arrester is applied right across the voltage source, so it is
+C disconnected, and requires no iteration. Newton iteration is 1-dimensional
+C (the matrix is 1 x 1 only). The second arrester involves "table lookup."
+C Note that V-ref is equal to the peak source voltage, so the peak current
+C is equal to the coefficient: COL * COEF = 2500 amps. The plot agrees.
+92SEND { Type 92 is for v-i curve } 5555. { 5555 flag is for exponentials } 1
+C VREF VFLASH VZERO COL
+ 408000. -1.0 0.0 2.0
+C COEF EXPON VMIN
+ 1250. 26. 0.5
+ 9999. { Bound on exponential segments (only one precedes)
+BLANK card terminating branch data
+BLANK card terminating all (in this case, nonexistent) switches
+14SEND 408000. 60.
+C --------------+------------------------------
+C From bus name | Names of all adjacent busses.
+C --------------+------------------------------
+C SEND |TERRA *REC *
+C REC |TERRA *SEND *
+C TERRA |SEND *REC *
+C --------------+------------------------------
+BLANK card ending source data
+C Step Time REC SEND REC SEND
+C TERRA TERRA
+C 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
+C 1 .5E-4 0.0 407927.5198 0.0 2488.47851
+C 2 .1E-3 0.0 407710.1048 0.0 2454.223589
+C 12 .6E-3 0.0 397606.9641 0.0 1278.142608
+C 22 .0011 0.0 373418.3984 0.0 249.9564103
+C 32 .0016 0.0 336001.2998 0.0 16.05612212
+C 33 .00165 0.0 331579.2191 0.0 11.37746957
+C 34 .0017 446716.5798 327039.3298 .0013592657 7.950150616
+ 1 { Request for all node voltage outputs
+C Final step : 400 .02 53295.59263 126078.9337 .5103896E-5 .2302356E-4
+C Variable maxima : 693010.7427 407991.9464 123.5121341 2498.717272
+C Times of maxima : .00175 .01665 .00175 .01665
+C Variable minima : -711052.757 -407991.946 -240.945005 -2498.71727
+C Times of minima : .00765 .00835 .00765 .00835
+ PRINTER PLOT
+ 144 3. 0.0 20. REC { Axis limits: (-7.111, 6.930)
+ 194 2. 0.0 20. SEND { Axis limits: (-2.499, 2.499)
+ CALCOMP PLOT
+C The following plot card illustrates automatic plotting from zero through
+C the end time TMAX of the study. Columns 5-7 give the t-axis length in
+C inches, and columns 12-15 being negative is the flag to plot all time.
+C With a 10-inch axis and a time span of 20 msec, the result is 2 msec/in.
+C For such all-time character plotting in units of [seconds], see DC-6.
+C 78901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
+ 19410. -1. REC 16-Char. HeadingVertical axis Y:
+$STARTUP, dc37star.dat ! { Use disk file for re-initialization immediately
+C This will halve the number of pixels/inch (PIXPUN) for an Apollo screen
+C plot. Also, it will set the smoothing tolerance squared, TOLRCE, to
+C 1/10. The result will be a half-size and very bumpy screen plot:
+ 194 1. 0.0 10. REC 16-byte Heading Y-axis labeling.
+BLANK card ending plot cards
+BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
+C 2nd of 12 subcases. Same basic network as just solved, only with modified
+C ZnO characteristic as derived by DC-39. One exponential with flashover.
+C The first (pre-flash) characteristic has near-infinite resistance, with
+C exponent equal to unity. Leakage current (about 1.E-20 amps) will occur
+C prior to flashover at v = VREF = 778 kV. The operational characteristic
+C is i = 29479.54 * ( v / V-ref ) ** 26.53, which is very close to the
+C original characteristic of 1st subcase. Change on 23 Jul 1984 ("M39.+").
+C Enhancement beginning 30 July 1986. Series voltage sources for all
+C nonlinear elements are allowed, so let's take the simplest possible
+C case of a 10-KVolt battery (variable "BATTER" defined within TACS).
+C Before the pulse arrives, this only draws leakage current from the
+C linear representation of the surge arrester (R-leakage). But when
+C the 10 kV are added to the surge, the answer changes significantly.
+PRINTED NUMBER WIDTH, 13, 2, { Request maximum precision (for 8 output columns)
+ .000050 .020
+ 1 1 1 0 1 -1 0
+ 2 10 33 1 40 10 100 50
+TACS HYBRID { We use TACS only to produce series voltage "BATTER" of ZnO
+99BATTER = 10000. { Small battery (dc source) is inserted in series with ZnO
+33BATTER { Output the only this one TACS variable that controls ZnO source
+77BATTER 10000. { Initial condition required for smooth electrical step 1
+BLANK card ending all TACS data
+-1SEND REC .306 5.82 .012 200. 1
+92REC 5555. 1
+C =============================================================================
+C 92REC TYP11 5555. 1
+C The preceding comment card is just for verification of solution. See the
+C explanation on comment cards below the blank card ending switch cards.
+C =============================================================================
+C VREF VFLASH VZERO COL
+ 0.778000000000000E+06 1.0
+C COEF EXPON VMIN
+ 0.294795442961157E-20 1.0 .900000E+01
+ 9999 { Bound on exponentials of 1st, pre-flash v-i curve
+ 0.294795442961157E+05 0.265302624185338E+02 0.545050636122854E+00
+ 9999 { Bound on exponentials of 2nd, post-flash v-i curve
+ TACS CONTROLBATTER { Only 1st of three A6 names, for series voltage, is used
+BLANK card terminating branch data
+BLANK card terminating all (in this case, nonexistent) switches
+C =============================================================================
+C The easiest way to verify correct operation of the series voltage BATTER
+C of the Type-92 element is to cancel it out using an electrical network
+C battery. The following Type-11 source will do the job. But then the
+C nonlinear element must have the second name changed to "TYP11", note.
+C 11TYP11 -10000. { This battery cancels series voltage of ZnO "BATTER"
+C =============================================================================
+14SEND 408000. 60.
+BLANK card ending source data
+C The following beginning shows leakage current between steps 1 and 33 when
+C only the TACS voltage "BATTER" is exciting the arrester. Since the line
+C impedance (Z-thev) is so much smaller than the ZnO, the receiving voltage
+C REC is very, very small. But it is nonzero, note --- and correctly so:
+C First 3 output variables are electric-network voltage differences (upper voltage minus lower voltage);
+C Next 1 output variables are branch currents (flowing from the upper node to the lower node);
+C Next 1 output variables belong to TACS (with "TACS" an internally-added upper name of pair). Updated 2 Nov 00
+C Step Time SEND REC SEND REC TACS
+C REC TERRA BATTER
+C 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10000.
+C 1 .5E-4 407927.5198 .269681E-19 407927.5198 -.37891E-22 10000.
+C 2 .1E-3 407710.1048 .269681E-19 407710.1048 -.37891E-22 10000.
+C 12 .6E-3 397606.9641 .269681E-19 397606.9641 -.37891E-22 10000.
+C 22 .0011 373418.3984 .269681E-19 373418.3984 -.37891E-22 10000.
+C 32 .0016 336001.2998 .269681E-19 336001.2998 -.37891E-22 10000.
+C 33 .00165 331579.2191 .269681E-19 331579.2191 -.37891E-22 10000.
+C 34 .0017 -119678.217 446717.5472 327039.3298 .165479E-20 10000.
+ 1 { Request for all node voltage outputs
+C 400 .02 8093.382341 117985.5514 126078.9337 .7639597E-3 10000.
+C Variable maxima : 474201.1091 793085.1587 407991.9464 225.9075813 10000.
+C Times of maxima : .0063 .0159 .01665 .0162 0.0
+C Variable minima : -511598.378 -768087.191 -407991.946 -333.924608 10000.
+C Times of minima : .00295 .0063 .00835 .00765 0.0
+ PRINTER PLOT
+ 194 3. 0.0 20. REC { Axis limits: (-3.339, 2.259)
+ CALCOMP PLOT
+ 194 2. 0.0 20. REC 16-Char HeadingVertical axis Y.
+BLANK card ending plot cards
+BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
+C 3rd of 12 subcases. Same basic network as just solved, only with modified
+C ZnO characteristic as derived by DC-39. There is a 2-exponential curve,
+C the pre-flashover curve of 2nd subcase. V-flash < 0 means no gap here.
+$STARTUP, (ATPDIR)startup ! { Re-initialize with original disk file of 1st subcase
+C This will restore the default parameters, after illustrating (see the
+C 2nd subcase) what happens in the absence of such restoration for later
+C stacked subcases. The second subcase continued with the mini CalComp
+C plots that began at the end of the 1st subcase with dc37star.dat.
+C Note about "(ATPDIR)" as used on preceding $STARTUP. This is
+C optional. If it appears, ATP will replace these 8 bytes by the
+C content of symbol ATPDIR (as used at BPA, "C:\ATP").
+PRINTED NUMBER WIDTH, 13, 2, { Request maximum precision (for 8 output columns)
+ZINC OXIDE 20
+ .000050 .02000
+ 1 1 1 0 1 -1 0
+ 2 10 33 1 40 10 100 50
+-1SEND REC .306 5.82 .012 200.
+92REC 5555. 1
+C VREF VFLASH VZERO COL
+ 0.778000000000000E+06 -1.0 1.0
+C COEF EXPON VMIN
+ 0.505584788677197E+07 0.464199973324622E+02 0.632754084797274E+00
+ 0.122767153039007E+05 0.166775903445228E+02 0.816748018907843E+00
+ 9999 { Bound on two exponentials of single v-i curve
+BLANK card terminating branch data
+BLANK card terminating all (in this case, nonexistent) switches
+14SEND 408000. 60.
+BLANK card ending source data
+C Step Time REC SEND REC
+C TERRA
+C 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
+C 1 .5E-4 0.0 407927.5198 0.0
+C 2 .1E-3 0.0 407710.1048 0.0
+C 12 .6E-3 0.0 397606.9641 0.0
+C 22 .0011 0.0 373418.3984 0.0
+C 32 .0016 0.0 336001.2998 0.0
+C 33 .00165 0.0 331579.2191 0.0
+C 34 .0017 446715.6097 327039.3298 .0027223116
+ 1 { Request for all node voltage outputs
+C Final step printout: 400 .02 104698.8727 126078.9337 .6380412E-3
+C Variable maxima : 626465.3591 407991.9464 217.0115979
+C Times of maxima : .00175 .01665 .00175
+ PRINTER PLOT
+ 144 3. 0.0 20. REC { Axis limits: (-6.329, 6.265)
+ CALCOMP PLOT
+ 194 2. 0.0 20. REC
+BLANK card ending plot cards
+BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
+C 4th of 12 subcases
+C Modify 1st subcase of DC-37 to illustrate scaling of voltage and current
+C by 1000 for ZnO surge arrester.
+C 1 October 2000, add illustrations of 3-digit exponents: numbers
+C larger than 1.E+100 and smaller than 1.E-100. It was necessary
+C to find a subcase without plotting, since otherwise the limit of
+C FLTINF (set in STARTUP to 1.E19) would be imposed. To avoid this
+C limit, we set IPLOT = -1 below (columns 9-16). Node OVER is to
+C demonstrate near overflow of the Intel limit of around 1.E+308, and
+C node UNDER is to demonstrate near underflow of the limit 1.E-308
+C Each involves series R-L with R = 12.7 and L = .45 mH (or the
+C negative of this for overflow), which implies a time constant of
+C Tau = L / R = .45E-3 / 12.7 = 3.54E-5 sec. The simulation lasts for
+C 20 msec, so EXP ( T-max / Tau ) = EXP ( .020 / 3.54E-5 ) =
+C EXP ( 564.44 ) = 1.365E+245. This 245 is close to the 303 observed
+C (close enough for engineers to understand the physics involved).
+C A final detail concerns the .DBG file. For Salford EMTP, this
+C is a separate file as long as output is buffered (typically LU6VRT
+C has value 32768 for an output buffer of size 32 Kbytes). As a
+C separate file, the user might never look to see the message that
+C is produced for each optimal encoding that requires a 3-digit
+C exponent. For example, the first two occur to produce the output
+C of step 150. The associated diagnostic becomes highly visible if
+C output is not buffered (if LU6VRT = 0). Then, from DC37.LIS :
+C 100 .005 .316184E-12 0.0 0.0 .577391E-22 -.887674E75 .267212E-74
+C FLTOPT. Wierd number D9 = 1.234180423134E+0113 SPYCD2(1:35) = 0.1234180423133828610000+114
+C FLTOPT. Wierd number D9 = 1.921900653658E-0113 SPYCD2(1:35) = 0.1921900653658086780000-112
+C 150 .0075 -288.499567 0.0 0.0 -.305176E-3 -.12342E114 .19219E-112
+C There is nothing wrong. The number is wierd only in the sense
+C that Salford omitted the "E" during encoding, so ATP logic was
+C forced to restore the "E" manually.
+C 14 January 2011, add illustration of the new protection against
+C overflow of node voltage. DC-61 illustrated use of the new optional
+C second parameter LOGB10 on the PEAK VOLTAGE MONITOR declaration.
+C But the protection there was invisible since there never was any need
+C for it. Here, there is need. With a node voltage limit of 1.E+304,
+C execution will be terminated with the KILL = 264 error message:
+C KILL = 264. ATP halts execution because some node voltage has
+C exceeded the bound of 1.00000000+304 as defined by the optional
+C second parameter of the user`s NODE VOLTAGE MONITOR request. This
+C is at node "MIDO " on step number 399. WSM.
+C Ruler for next card: MAXVLT HALTNV { Format is: ( 32X, I8, E8.0 )
+PEAK VOLTAGE MONITOR 1 1.E304 { Peak node voltage = 1.E+304
+VOLTAGE SOURCES IN KV
+PRINTED NUMBER WIDTH, 10, 2, { Request minimum precision, since explosive
+ .000050 .020
+ 1 -1 1 0 1 -1 0
+ 5 10 33 1 40 10 100 50 395 1
+92VOLT 5555. 1
+C VREF VFLASH VZERO COL
+ 408000. -1.0 0.0 2.0
+C COEF EXPON VMIN
+ 1250. 26. 0.5
+ 9999. { Bound on exponential segments (only one precedes)
+ VOLT 1.E8 { Avoid warning to weak connection to ground
+C Network modification. We must split the unstable series R-L into two
+C separate, series branches. This is to add a node at which the voltage
+C will increase without bound (exponential growth). The old data escaped our
+C new protection because terminal node voltages were identically zero (it was
+C only the branch current that grew uncontrolled):
+C OVER 12.7 -.45 { Series R-L with negative L } 1
+ OVER MIDO 12.7 { Series R with positive R }
+ MIDO -.45 { Series L with negative L } 1
+ UNDER 12.7 .45 { Series R-L with positive L } 1
+BLANK card terminating branch data
+BLANK card terminating all (in this case, nonexistent) switches
+14VOLT 408. 50.
+14OVER 1.0 50. { Voltage source is shorted at .2 ms } 2.E-4
+14UNDER 1.0 50. { Voltage source is shorted at .2 ms } 2.E-4
+BLANK card ending source data
+C First 4 output variables are electric-network voltage differences (upper voltage minus lower voltage);
+C Next 3 output variables are branch currents (flowing from the upper node to the lower node);
+C Step Time MIDO VOLT OVER UNDER VOLT MIDO UNDER
+C TERRA TERRA TERRA
+C 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
+C 1 .5E-4 3.395807 407.9497 .9998766 .9998766 2.491993 -.188656 .0325693
+C 2 .1E-3 19.6688 407.7987 .9995066 .9995066 2.468123 -1.47002 .0707492
+C 3 .15E-3 113.9285 407.5471 .9988899 .9988899 2.428834 -8.89209 .0773084
+C 4 .2E-3 656.5329 407.1949 0.0 0.0 2.374852 -51.6955 .0458835
+C 5 .25E-3 3802.936 406.7423 0.0 0.0 2.307161 -299.444 .0079213
+ 1 { Request for output of all node voltages
+C 395 .01975 .125E302 406.7423 0.0 0.0 2.307161 -.98E300 .24E-299
+C 396 .0198 .723E302 407.1949 0.0 0.0 2.374852 -.57E301 .42E-300
+C 397 .01985 .419E303 407.5471 0.0 0.0 2.428834 -.33E302 .72E-301
+C 398 .0199 .243E304 407.7987 0.0 0.0 2.468123 -.19E303 .12E-301
+BLANK card ending plot cards
+BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
+C 5th of 12 subcases
+C Modify 2nd subcase of DC-37 to illustrate scaling of voltage and current
+C by 1000 for ZnO surge arrester. Note that VOLTAGE SOURCES IN KV is
+C not needed because the declaration of the preceding subcase remains in
+C effect for this one.
+PRINTED NUMBER WIDTH, 13, 2, { Request maximum precision (for 8 output columns)
+ .000050 .020
+ 1 1 1 0 1 -1 0
+ 2 10 33 1 40 10 100 50
+-1GEN VOLT .306 5.82 .012 200.
+92VOLT 5555. 1
+C VREF VFLASH VZERO COL
+ 0.778000000000000E+06 1.0
+C COEF EXPON VMIN
+ 0.294795442961157E-20 1.0 .900000E+01
+ 9999 { Bound on exponentials of 1st, pre-flash v-i curve
+ 0.294795442961157E+05 0.265302624185338E+02 0.545050636122854E+00
+ 9999 { Bound on exponentials of 2nd, post-flash v-i curve
+BLANK card terminating branch data
+BLANK card terminating all (in this case, nonexistent) switches
+14GEN 408. 50.
+BLANK card ending source data
+ 1 { Request for all node voltage outputs
+BLANK card ending plot cards
+BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
+C 6th of 12 subcases
+C Modify 4th subcase of DC-37 to illustrate scaling of voltage and current
+C by 1000. Note data (specifically, source voltage) is unscaled. Instead
+C of VOLTAGE SOURCES IN KV, we here use output scaling of BVIV and
+C BCIA (following two declarations). Output of the time-step loop is
+C identical to that of 4th subcase. See October, 1997, newsletter.
+C 28 December 1998, add first column-80 punch in excess of 4. A story
+C in the April, 1999, newsletter should introduce use of 0 plus the 16
+C choices that are summarized immediately before the blank card that
+C ends branch cards. Details of this mapping remain an ATP secret.
+C 34567890123456789012345678901234567890 V-base is read from cols. 33-40:
+BASE VOLTAGE IN VOLTS 1000.
+BASE CURRENT IN AMPERES 1000. { I-base is read from cols. 33-40
+VOLTAGE SOURCES IN KV -1.0 { Cancel usage of preceding subcases
+PRINTED NUMBER WIDTH, 13, 2, { Request maximum precision (for 8 output columns)
+ .000050 .020
+ 1 1 1 0 1 -1 0
+ 2 10 33 1 40 10 100 50
+C 28 Dec 98, original col-80 punch of 1 is changed to B to add power output:
+92VOLT 5555. B
+C VREF VFLASH VZERO COL
+ 408000. -1.0 0.0 2.0
+C COEF EXPON VMIN
+ 1250. 26. 0.5
+ 9999. { Bound on exponential segments (only one precedes)
+C Documentation of new column-80 choices that begin 28 December 1998:
+C 5 ==> Append power & energy while leaving voltage & current
+C 6 ==> Append power & energy while omitting current (but not the voltage)
+C 7 ==> Append power & energy while omitting voltage (but not the current)
+C 8 ==> Append power & energy while omitting both voltage and current
+C 9 ==> Append power while leaving voltage & current
+C A ==> Append power while omitting current (but not the voltage)
+C B ==> Append power while omitting voltage (but not the current)
+C C ==> Append power while omitting both voltage and current
+C D ==> Append energy while leaving voltage & current
+C E ==> Append energy while omitting current (but not the voltage)
+C F ==> Append energy while omitting voltage (but not the current)
+C G ==> Append energy while omitting both voltage and current
+BLANK card terminating branch data
+BLANK card terminating all (in this case, nonexistent) switches
+14VOLT 408000. 50.
+BLANK card ending source data
+C Column headings for the 3 EMTP output variables follow. These are divided among the 5 possible classes as follows ....
+C First 1 output variables are electric-network voltage differences (upper voltage minus lower voltage);
+C Next 1 output variables are branch currents (flowing from the upper node to the lower node);
+C Next 1 output variables are either power or energy or both as a pair (column 80 punches > 4).
+C Step Time VOLT VOLT VOLT
+C TERRA TERRA
+C 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
+C 1 .5E-4 407.9496661 2.491993465 1016.607902
+C 2 .1E-3 407.7986766 2.468123475 1006.497487
+ 1 { Request for all node voltage outputs
+C 200 .01 -408. -2.5 1020.
+C 250 .0125 -288.499567 -.305176E-3 .0880430807
+C 300 .015 -.80639E-11 -.14726E-20 .118745E-31
+C 350 .0175 288.4995667 .3051758E-3 .0880430807
+C 400 .02 408. 2.5 1020.
+C Variable maxima : 408. 2.5 1020.
+C Times of maxima : .02 .02 .01
+C Variable minima : -408. -2.5 0.0
+C Times of minima : .01 .01 0.0
+BLANK card ending plot cards
+BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
+C 7th of 12 subcases illustrates power & energy output of nonlinear element.
+C Apparently this was never documented as Orlando Hevia found it to be in
+C error during late May of 1998, following overhaul of branch data input.
+C KISS: 2 volts across R = 2 gives 1 amp. Then, nonlinear has 1 ohm and
+C one volt, so power is 1 on 1st step. Trapezoidal rule then gives the
+C energy as dT ( E(0) + E(1) ) / 2 = .001 * 1 / 2 = .0005 (about).
+PRINTED NUMBER WIDTH, 13, 2, { Request maximum precision (for 8 output columns)
+ .001 .001
+ 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
+ SEND REC 1.0 { Half of 2 ohms total is this linear branch
+92REC 4444. { ZnO is piecewise-linear } 4
+C VREF VFLASH VZERO
+ 0.0 -1.0 0.0
+ 1.0 1.0 { First point of i-v curve.
+ 10. 10.
+ 9999. { Terminator for piecewise-linear characteristic
+BLANK card terminating branch data
+BLANK card terminating all (in this case, nonexistent) switches
+14SEND 2.0 1.0 { 1 Hz is close enough to dc for this test
+BLANK card ending source data
+C Step Time REC REC SEND REC
+C TERRA TERRA
+C 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
+C 1 .1E-2 .9999605221 .9999802609 1.999960522 .4999803E-3
+ 1 { Request for all node voltage outputs
+BLANK card ending plot cards
+BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
+C 8th of 12 subcases is added 13 October 2006 to demonstrate operation of
+C extended power and energy output (punches 5-16) for switches. Of course
+C the same meanings apply to switches as to branches -- with the exception
+C that power & energy are flow _through_ a switch rather than consumption
+C within a branch. Data for this illustration of extended switch outputs
+C is copied from the 6th subcase. One switch is added in series with the
+C N.L. element. This is (GEN, VOLT). The current, power and energy flow
+C through it obviously should be identical to those of the branch. Since
+C the branch has "B" in column 80, only current and power will be shown.
+C The switch has "7" to add energy to these two. Since the 2 columns of
+C current are side by side, and the 2 columns of power are side by side,
+C it is possible to see by casual inspection that they agree. As for the
+C energy, it seems believable; printed values are monotone increasing.
+C 34567890123456789012345678901234567890 V-base is read from cols. 33-40:
+BASE VOLTAGE IN VOLTS 1000.
+BASE CURRENT IN AMPERES 1000. { I-base is read from cols. 33-40
+VOLTAGE SOURCES IN KV -1.0 { Cancel usage of preceding subcases
+PRINTED NUMBER WIDTH, 13, 2, { Request maximum precision (for 8 output columns)
+ .000050 .020
+ 1 1 1 0 1 -1 0
+ 2 10 33 1 40 10 100 50
+92VOLT 5555. B
+C VREF VFLASH VZERO COL
+ 408000. -1.0 0.0 2.0
+C COEF EXPON VMIN
+ 1250. 26. 0.5
+ 9999. { Bound on exponential segments (only one precedes)
+BLANK card terminating branch data
+ GEN VOLT MEASURING 7
+BLANK card terminating all switches
+14GEN 408000. 50.
+BLANK card ending source data
+ GEN { List of bus names for node voltage output
+C Column headings for the 6 EMTP output variables follow. These are divided among the 5 possible classes as follows ....
+C First 1 output variables are electric-network voltage differences (upper voltage minus lower voltage);
+C Next 2 output variables are branch currents (flowing from the upper node to the lower node);
+C Next 3 output variables are either power or energy or both as a pair (column 80 punches > 4).
+C Step Time GEN GEN VOLT VOLT GEN GEN
+C VOLT TERRA TERRA VOLT VOLT
+C *** Switch "GEN " to "VOLT " closed before 0.00000000E+00 sec.
+C 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
+C 1 .5E-4 407.9496661 2.491993465 2.491993465 1016.607902 1016.607902 .0254151975
+C 2 .1E-3 407.7986766 2.468123475 2.468123475 1006.497487 1006.497487 .0759928323
+BLANK card ending node voltage outputs
+C 400 .02 408. 2.5 2.5 1020. 1020. 3.078116283
+C Variable maxima : 408. 2.5 2.5 1020. 1020. 3.078116283
+C Times of maxima : .02 .02 .02 .01 .01 .02
+C Variable minima : -408. -2.5 -2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
+C Times of minima : .01 .01 .01 0.0 0.0 0.0
+BLANK card ending plot cards
+BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
+C 9th of 12 subcases will illustrate power and energy output along with a
+C phasor solution. Since previous subcases all involved one nonlinear
+C element, make this linear and easy to verify by hand. Add a switch as
+C was done for the preceding subcase. Illustrate 3 column-80 punches > 4.
+C Note that the 8-punch results in the same outputs that a 4-punch would,
+C but they are located differently : power and energy are appended rather
+C than overlay the corresponding voltage and current outputs. As for the
+C switch, it is permanently closed in spite of T-open = 19 msec < T-max.
+C Finally, turn off V and I scaling. Date of addition: 13 October 2006
+BASE VOLTAGE IN VOLTS 1.0 { Cancel usage of preceding subcase
+BASE CURRENT IN AMPERES 1.0 { Cancel usage of preceding subcase
+ .000500 .020
+ 1 1 1 2 1 -1
+ 5 5
+ GEN MID 0.5 { power and energy output } 8
+ LOAD 0.5 { power, energy, and voltage output } 6
+BLANK card terminating branch data
+ MID LOAD -1. .019 { current and energy output } F
+BLANK card terminating all switches
+14GEN 1.0 50. -1.
+BLANK card ending source data
+C Total network loss P-loss by summing injections = 5.000000000000E-01
+C Solution at nodes with known voltage. ...
+C Node Source node voltage Injected source current Injected source power
+C name Rectangular Polar Rectangular Polar P and Q MVA and P.F.
+C GEN 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5
+C 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0000000
+C Column headings for the 7 EMTP output variables follow. These are divided among the 5 possible classes as follows ....
+C First 1 output variables are electric-network voltage differences (upper voltage minus lower voltage);
+C Next 1 output variables are branch currents (flowing from the upper node to the lower node);
+C Next 5 output variables are either power or energy or both as a pair (column 80 punches > 4).
+C Step Time LOAD MID GEN GEN LOAD LOAD MID
+C TERRA LOAD MID MID TERRA TERRA LOAD
+C *** Phasor I(0) = 1.0000000E+00 Switch "MID " to "LOAD " closed in the steady-state.
+C 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
+C 1 .5E-3 .4938441703 .9876883406 .4877641291 .246941E-3 .4877641291 .246941E-3 .246941E-3
+C 2 .1E-2 .4755282581 .9510565163 .4522542486 .4819456E-3 .4522542486 .4819456E-3 .4819456E-3
+BLANK card ending node voltage outputs (none for this subcase)
+C 40 .02 0.5 1.0 0.5 .005 0.5 .005 .005
+C Variable maxima : 0.5 1.0 0.5 .005 0.5 .005 .005
+C Times of maxima : 0.0 0.0 0.0 .02 0.0 .02 .02
+C Variable minima : -.5 -1. .496087E-31 0.0 .496087E-31 0.0 0.0
+C Times of minima : .01 .01 .005 0.0 .005 0.0 0.0
+ PRINTER PLOT
+ 184 2. 0.0 10. GEN MID { Axis limits on branch power: (0.000, 5.000)
+BLANK card ending plot cards
+BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
+C 10th of 12 subcases will illustrate passing of switch power and energy
+C to TACS. New (as of 31 October 2006) TACS sources are Type-94 for power
+C and Type-95 for energy. Otherwise, they are like Type-91 for current.
+C There are no dynamics, so dT is immaterial except that we want smooth
+C curves, so take 100 steps over one cycle. Pass one sinusoidal ampere
+C through a 1-ohm resistor. Note the column-80 punch "8" on the switch
+C to append both switch power flow and energy flow. Of course, the TACS
+C sources should be identical. Output shows this. Numbers are simple
+C enough to be verified with a pocket calculator. WSM, 3 November 2006
+PRINTED NUMBER WIDTH, 12, 2, { Request maximum precision (for 9 output columns)
+ .000200 .020
+ 1 1 1 1 1 -1
+ 5 5
+TACS HYBRID
+94GEN { Power flow through the switch having A6 terminal node "GEN "
+95SWIT { Energy flow through the switch having A6 terminal node "SWIT "
+77GEN 1.0 { Initial condition on the Type-94 power source avoids zero
+33GEN SWIT { Output the values (power and energy) of these two new sources
+BLANK card terminates all TACS data
+ SWIT 1.0 { 1-ohm resistor connects the switch to ground
+BLANK card ending all BRANCH cards
+ GEN SWIT MEASURING 8
+BLANK card ending all SWITCH cards
+14GEN 1.0 50. -1.
+C --------------+------------------------------
+C From bus name | Names of all adjacent busses.
+C --------------+------------------------------
+C SWIT |TERRA *GEN *
+C GEN |SWIT *
+C TERRA |SWIT *
+C --------------+------------------------------
+BLANK terminates the last SOURCE card
+C Total network loss P-loss by summing injections = 5.000000000000E-01
+C Output for steady-state phasor switch currents.
+C Node-K Node-M I-real I-imag I-magn Degrees Power Reactive
+C GEN SWIT 1.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00 1.00000000E+00 0.0000 5.00000000E-01 0.00000000E+00
+ GEN { Just one node voltage output
+C Column headings for the 5 EMTP output variables follow. These are divided among the 5 possible classes as follows ....
+C First 1 output variables are electric-network voltage differences (upper voltage minus lower voltage);
+C Next 2 output variables are either power or energy or both as a pair (column 80 punches > 4).
+C Next 2 output variables belong to TACS (with "TACS" an internally-added upper name of pair).
+C Step Time GEN GEN GEN TACS TACS
+C SWIT SWIT GEN SWIT
+C *** Phasor I(0) = 1.0000000E+00 Switch "GEN " to "SWIT " closed in the steady-state.
+C 0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
+C 1 .2E-3 .998026728 .996057351 .199606E-3 .996057351 .199606E-3
+C 2 .4E-3 .992114701 .984291581 .397641E-3 .984291581 .397641E-3
+C 3 .6E-3 .982287251 .964888243 .592559E-3 .964888243 .592559E-3
+C Column headings for the 5 EMTP output variables follow. These are divided among the 5 possible classes as follows ....
+BLANK card ends OUTPUT variable requests
+C 100 .02 1.0 1.0 .01 1.0 .01
+C Variable maxima : 1.0 1.0 .01 1.0 .01
+C Times of maxima : 0.0 0.0 .02 0.0 .02
+C Variable minima : -1. .80245E-31 0.0 .80245E-31 0.0
+C Times of minima : .01 .005 0.0 .005 0.0
+ PRINTER PLOT
+ 194 4. 0.0 20. TACS GEN Axis limits: (0.000, 1.000)
+ 194 4. 0.0 20. TACS SWIT Axis limits: (0.000, 10.000)
+BLANK card ending all batch-mode PLOT cards
+BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
+C 11th of 12 subcases will illustrate alternative [Z]-based iteration
+C that first is being made available to others in January of 2007. Data
+C is identical to the 1st subcase, and so is the solution, in spite of
+C the large number of output digits (typically 10). The Newton iteration
+C is that accurate (this proves it for 1 arrester with 1 exponential).
+C Note the new declaration immediately after the opening Type-92 branch
+C card. This is new. Column position and case of the request words are
+C critical, so to avoid mistakes, paste this to other data of interest.
+C The declaration is required only for the 1st NL element of a subnetwork
+C that is to be solved with impedance rather than admittance formulation.
+C Beware of reference branch use, however, as the flag goes with data.
+C I.e., a different subnetwork that requests a copy of this element for
+C its first will automatically be solved using [Z] rather than [Y] whether
+C or not this is the user's desire. The choice of solution method follows
+C the original data. Finally, only use [Z] with Type-92 exponentials as
+C service begins 8 January 2007. WSM.
+PRINTED NUMBER WIDTH, 13, 2, { Request maximum precision (for 8 output columns)
+NO Y-BASED NEWTON { Every subnetwork is to be solved using [Z] rather than [Y]
+ .000050 .020
+ 1 1 1 0 1 -1 0
+ 2 10 33 1 40 10 100 50
+-1SEND REC .306 5.82 .012 200.
+92REC { Type 92 is for v-i curve } 5555. { 5555 flag is for exponentials } 1
+ [Z]-based Newton iteration { Column and case matter. Declare not use of [Y]
+C VREF VFLASH VZERO COL
+ 778000. -1.0 0.0 2.0
+C COEF EXPON VMIN
+ 1250. 26. 0.5
+ 9999. { Bound on exponential segments (only one precedes)
+BLANK card terminating branch data
+BLANK card terminating all (in this case, nonexistent) switches
+14SEND 408000. 60.
+BLANK card ending source data
+C Step Time REC SEND REC SEND
+C TERRA TERRA
+C 33 .00165 0.0 331579.2191 0.0 11.37746957
+C 34 .0017 446716.5798 327039.3298 .0013592657 7.950150616
+ 1 { Request for all node voltage outputs
+ PRINTER PLOT
+ 144 3. 0.0 20. REC { Axis limits: (-7.111, 6.930)
+ 194 2. 0.0 20. REC { Axis limits: (-2.499, 2.499)
+BLANK card ending plot cards
+BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
+C 12th of 12 subcases is appended 5 February 2009 to illustrate two new
+C request words that prevent reverse current flow. Until now, the third
+C quadrant (having negative voltage and current) is assumed to be a copy
+C of the 1st quadrant (having positive voltage and current) except for the
+C reversal of signs. But Prof. Hans Kr. Hoidalen in Trondheim, Norway, had
+C a desire to prevent reverse current flow. He wanted to model a physical
+C diode as an ideal diode in series with an exponential characteristic to
+C account for the forward drop. All of this is contained within the Type-
+C 92 exponential ZnO element provided one of two new special request words
+C is used. Either 1) Diode model allows reverse leakage or
+C 2) Diode prohibits reverse current
+C To illustrate, copy that single exponential of the 1st subcase. First,
+C in its original form, 2nd with a leaky diode, and 3rd with an ideal
+C diode. These are nodes 1) ZNO, 2) LEAKY, & 3) IDEAL, respectively.
+C The leakage branch is a linear resistor that draws the same current as
+C the exponential at voltage V-min = 0.5 per unit = 778 kV / 2 = 389 kV.
+C Drive all 3 alternatives from the same sinusoidal voltage source and
+C compare the resulting currents. For positive voltage, all 3 currents
+C will agree. But for negative voltage, all 3 never will agree. For
+C negative voltage, IDEAL will carry no current, of course. The other
+C two will carry current, and for voltage less than 389 kV the currents
+C will agree. This is for ZNO and LEAKY. But for negative voltages
+C higher than 389 kV, the current of ZNO will be larger. The source
+C amplitude of 400 kV is purposely reduced to make both the linear and
+C the exponential portions easily visible on a resulting plot. WSM.
+PRINTED NUMBER WIDTH, 12, 2, { Request maximum precision (for 8 output columns)
+C MAXZNO EPSZNO EPWARN EPSTOP ZNOLIM1 ZNOLIM2
+ZINC OXIDE 20 1.D-8 1.D-3 0.1 0.6 1.5 default values
+ .0002 .010 { Half a 50-Hz cycle will vary voltage from max + to max -
+ 1 1
+C Let's connect resistors of 10K ohms in series with the 3 arrestors:
+ SEND ZNO 10000.
+ SEND LEAKY 10000.
+ SEND IDEAL 10000.
+92ZNO { Type 92 is for v-i curve } 5555. { 5555 flag is for exponentials } 1
+C VREF VFLASH VZERO COL
+ 778000. -1.0 0.0 2.0
+C COEF EXPON VMIN
+ 1250. 26. 0.5
+ 9999. { Bound on exponential segments (only one precedes)
+92LEAKY { Type 92 is for v-i curve } 5555. { 5555 flag is for exponentials } 1
+ Diode model allows reverse leakage { 3rd quadrant consists of leakage-R only
+C VREF VFLASH VZERO COL
+ 778000. -1.0 0.0 2.0
+C COEF EXPON VMIN
+ 1250. 26. 0.5
+C This V-min = 0.5 was per unit voltage for end of linear segment. Reduce it:
+C 1250. 26. 0.1
+ 9999. { Bound on exponential segments (only one precedes)
+92IDEAL { Type 92 is for v-i curve } 5555. { 5555 flag is for exponentials } 1
+ Diode prohibits reverse current
+C VREF VFLASH VZERO COL
+ 778000. -1.0 0.0 2.0
+C COEF EXPON VMIN
+ 1250. 26. 0.5
+ 9999. { Bound on exponential segments (only one precedes)
+BLANK card terminating branch data
+BLANK card terminating all (in this case, nonexistent) switches
+14SEND 400000. 50.
+BLANK card ending source data
+ SEND IDEAL ZNO LEAKY { Output source voltage followed by 3 arrester volt
+BLANK card ends node names for selective voltage output
+ PRINTER PLOT
+ 194 1. 0.0 10. BRANCH Compare leakage Arrester current
+ ZNO LEAKY IDEAL
+BLANK card ending plot cards
+BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
+BLANK
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